Verb endings3/25/2023 The strong Germanic present thus descends from the PIE present, while the past descends from the PIE perfect. In Germanic, the aorist eventually disappeared and merged with the present, while the perfect took on a past tense meaning and became a general past tense. The perfect was a stative verb, and referred not to the event itself, but to the state that resulted from the event ("has eaten" or "is/has been eaten"). The present implied some attention to such details and was thus used for ongoing actions ("is eating", imperfective aspect). The aorist originally denoted events without any attention to the specifics or ongoing nature of the event ("ate", perfective aspect). PIE verbs could occur in three distinct aspects: the aorist, present and perfect aspect. Thus ablaut turned short e into the following sounds:Īs the Germanic languages developed from PIE, they dramatically altered the Indo-European verbal system. Both e and o could also be lengthened to ē and ō (lengthened grade). In many words, the basic vowel was * e (e-grade), but, depending on what syllable of a word the stress fell on in PIE, this could change to * o (o-grade), or disappear altogether (zero grade). The vowel that appeared in any given syllable is called its "grade". In PIE, vowel alternations called ablaut were frequent and occurred in many types of word, not only in verbs. Strong verbs have their origin in the ancestral Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language. " weak" terminology was coined by the German philologist Jacob Grimm in the 1800s, and the terms "strong verb" and "weak verb" are direct translations of the original German terms starkes Verb and schwaches Verb. As in English, in all Germanic languages, weak verbs outnumber strong verbs. The key distinction is that most strong verbs have their origin in the earliest sound system of Proto-Indo-European, whereas weak verbs use a dental ending (in English usually -ed or -t) that developed later with the branching off of Proto-Germanic. Not all verbs with a change in the stem vowel are strong verbs, however they may also be irregular weak verbs such as bring, brought, brought or keep, kept, kept. In modern English, strong verbs include sing (present I sing, past I sang, past participle I have sung) and drive (present I drive, past I drove, past participle I have driven), as opposed to weak verbs such as open (present I open, past I opened, past participle I have opened). ed in English), and are known as weak verbs. The majority of the remaining verbs form the past tense by means of a dental suffix (e.g. In the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel ( ablaut). ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably.
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